Background 1. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta that allows blood flow to bypass the fetal...

Prevention 1. Antenatal corticosteroids a. Betamethasone b. Although their primary indication is to promote fetal lung maturation,...

Clinical Presentation 1. Symptoms a. Often asymptomatic – Up to 50% of cases b. Symptoms may include rapid decline in hematocrit,...

Background 1. Mechanism of hemorrhage a. Likely multifactorial b. Lack of cerebral pressure autoregulation resulting in an inability to...

Methylxanthines (i.e., theophylline/aminophylline and caffeine) a. Mechanism of action – Nonspecific inhibitor of adenosine receptors ...

Clinical Presentation 1. Cessation of breathing for at least 20 seconds or the episode of apnea may be shorter if associated with ...

An immature central respiratory drive, inability to maintain airway patency, and underdeveloped respiratory muscles cause...

Treatment : 1. Diuretics a. Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone), and...

Clinical Presentation 1. Tachypnea, retractions, shallow breathing, wheezing, increased oxygen requirement, and bronchospasm may be...

>Also known as chronic lung disease >Significant risk of mortality and long-term morbidity >Definition – “Old” versus “new” BPD. i....