Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Clinical Presentation 1. Tachypnea, retractions, shallow breathing, wheezing, increased oxygen requirement, and bronchospasm may be present. 2. Chest radiograph typically appears diffusely hazy with areas of lung hyperinflation and hypoinflation (i.e., “patchy atelectasis”).

Prevention 1. Caffeine – Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial showed a reduced incidence of BPD (defined as need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age) in neonates receiving caffeine.

2. Other options like Vitamin A, Inhaled nitric oxide, Antenatal corticosteroids, Postnatal corticosteroids, Surfactant, Indomethacin/ibuprofen, Macrolide therapy proved not be as effective as Caffeine compared with placebo.